Watch our Brass Cleaning video for more information. If you choose Brass as your metal type, please note that it does require a bit more care. Heart Shaped Dog Tag, Engraved Pet Tag, 8 colors, 2 Sizes, Custom ID Dog Tag, Personalized Pet Tag, Pet Tags, Cat Tag, Puppy Tag (6k) Sale Price 6.41 6. Small: Solid Brass - 3/4 in x 7/8 in (for cats and toy dog breeds).If you are looking to keep specific lines blank, please include this or any other request in your order comments at checkout.Up to 3 Lines with 15 Characters per Line Our personalized, heart shaped dog ID tags made of beautiful solid brass offer double-sided engraving, with up to 6 lines of custom text, room for all of your dogs ID.All of the enamel heart pet tags come with a split ring attachment for attaching the tag securely to your. Collection of cute line art pet icons cat, dog and parrot characters isolated on light background. Because we promise satisfaction to every customer, we guarantee that the engraving will last the lifetime of your pet. Quality 100pcs free shipping heart shaped pet products,acrylic dog cat id tags,personalized pet id tag heart shape dog name tag with free worldwide shipping. Our heart-shaped tags for pets are popular for female and male, cats and dogs It’s also popular for key chains, necklace pendants, luggage tags, and anything else you can think of that could use a cute personalized heart shaped dog tag. Dog ID Tag, Dog Collar Tag,Pet Gifts (2.6k) 7.50 FREE shipping Heart shaped. Keep them Known and Safely Home!Īt dogIDs we engrave all of our products with a high-quality high-power laser engraver that produces deep legible and long-lasting text. Heart disease is a condition that dogs are either born with (congenital) or. The Rose Gold Heart Pet Tag keeps things beautifully simple, adding a sleek, classy finishing touch to any pets collar Most importantly, it can be. You can also choose your favorite font! These personalized pet tags are one of the best ways to help keep your pet safe in case of emergency. ![]() You have the ability to put 3 lines of 15 characters on this heart shaped tag, and if you choose, you can even engrave on both sides. These hanging pet ID tags have a lot of room to house important information. Watch our Brass Cleaning video for more information.Show your small dog, cat or any furry friend just how much you love them with our Small Solid Brass Heart Pet ID Tag. If you choose Brass as your metal type, please note that it does require a bit more care. DogIDs Personalized Heart Shaped Dog Identification Tag, Custom Laser Engraved Double Sided ID Tag with S-Hook and Split Ring - Brass, Large, 1 1/4 in x 1 1/4 in 5.05. Up to 3 Lines with 15 Characters per Line Providence Engraving Custom Heart-Shaped Pet ID Tag - Small or Large Personalized Heart-Shaped Aluminum Dog Tag or Cat Tag with Up to 4 Lines of Text and Available in 9 Colors.Because we promise satisfaction to every customer, we guarantee that the engraving will last the lifetime of your pet. Keep them Known and Safely Home!Īt dogIDs we engrave all of our products with a high-quality high-power laser engraver that produces deep legible and long-lasting text. ![]() Show your small dog, cat or any furry friend just how much you love them with our Small Solid Brass Heart Pet ID Tag.
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They also do some great veggie burgers too. Add a side of tater tots and mac and cheese, and one of their sinfully good shakes, and you’ve got yourself one fabulous feast. ![]() You can’t go wrong with the New York Melt, although the Buffalo Vurger will do nicely for those who can handle the spice. Previously a pop-up, The Vurger Co secured funding for a permanent spot in Shoreditch (and another in Canary Wharf soon after), and you’ll be celebrating too once you’ve had a taste of their vegan burgers. ![]() □43 Parkway, NW1 7PN, nearest station is Camden Town. Try the Cheesesteak Calzone, or ‘The One With The Truffle’, which comes with a black truffle base, mozzarella, pulled porketta, and mixed wild forest mushrooms. Their pizzas are made with sourdough, but you can also opt for a hemp flour base or a gluten-free base. Photo: on Parkway serves up nothing but vegan pizzas, with toppings like roasted aubergine, seitan, and smoked beetroot. □538 Kingsland Road, E8 4AH (nearest station is Dalston Junction). Every dish also happens to be sugar and gluten-free, and this place truly is the crème de la crème of vegan fine dining. A solid addition to this roundup of the best vegan restaurants in London, Chef Kirk Hamworth aims to tell a story with each dish on his five-dish tasting extravaganza, with guests leaving the restaurants full and enriched. Plates sits in Dalston’s Untitled bar, oozing class and pizzazz from every corner complimenting every plate that’ll be put in front of you. Customers will be able to choose between three mouth watering new dishes including tempeh rice cracker cups with sesame tempeh, carrot pickles, mirabelle plum nước châm and peanuts or the lemongrass chick’n goi ga salad. What’s more, this January they’re offering an affordable limited-edition Vietnamese menu across all their five sites, with a selection of refreshing mocktails available too. Whoever said eating clean was boring clearly never ate here… Here, your plant-based food comes in the guise of Sri Lankan curries, chicken salads, and even chocolate hazelnut fudge cake. They can count Blue Ollis amongst their many fans, who have helped Mildred’s to spread to Camden, Dalston, and King’s Cross. Having graced Soho for almost thirty years, Mildred’s is one of the best-loved vegan restaurants in London. ![]() □34 Charlotte Street, Fitzrovia, W1T 2NH. This cherished French spot offers both vegetarian and vegan eight- or ten-course tasting menus, which are perfect for a fancy fine-dining date with a vegan in your life! First up on this roundup of the best vegan restaurants in London is a luxurious, Michelin-starred restaurant located near Goodge Street, that is highly-regarded for its veggie-friendly haute cuisine. ![]() They hope that one day scientists will have the technology to thaw them out and send them on their way. Just think about the folks who plan to have their bodies frozen after they die. Death is a hard thing for most people to accept. Winnie would have drunk the spring water if she hadn't seen the look in Tuck's eyes as he was watching the man in the yellow suit die. Tuck Everlasting by Natalie Babbitt is a book for anyone who thinks living forever might be a good idea. A young woman meets and falls in love with a young man who is part of a family of immortals. ![]() With Alexis Bledel, William Hurt, Sissy Spacek, Jonathan Jackson. Winnie was right to pass up the immortality juice-we can tell from the Tucks' experience that it's not the way to go. Tuck Everlasting: Directed by Jay Russell. When ten-year-old Winnie Foster stumbles on their secret, the Tucks take her home and explain why living forever at one. What would you do if you were in Winnie's position? Would you drink the water? Why or why not? Doomed to - or blessed with - eternal life after drinking from a magic spring, the Tuck family wanders about trying to live as inconspicuously and comfortably as they can.Do you think the narrator expresses an opinion about the necessity of death? If so, what is that opinion? If not, why not?.Why do you think Winnie chose to pass up the spring water and accept her life as a regular ol' mortal?.What is the Tucks' attitude to mortality? Do you think it changes as the years pass? How does Winnie feel about death at the beginning of the novel? At the end?.Would that be just as scary? Or possibly even worse? It's up to you to form your own opinion, but this novel Shmoops us toward grappling with the tough stuff. ![]() But Tuck Everlasting gets us to take a step back and think about what it would mean if we never died. It's not easy to think about death-we at Shmoop don't even like squishing that bug that's always crawling around our desks. She would like to thank everyone for being patient and kind to her, and she would especially like to thank her parents and siblings for doing their best to work around her busy schedule, driving her places, and for bearing through her endless singing and rehearsing ).In a book about living forever, it's not surprising that death gets a lot of screen time. In her spare time she enjoys reading, playing music, singing in her bands: Electric Walrus and Grace Evermore, playing sports, being out in nature, spending time with friends and family, and playing video games. Some of her favorite past production roles have included: a Nubian in AIDA, Jasmine in ALADDIN KIDS, and Tiger Lily in PETER PAN Jr. She has learned so much from them and is excited to learn and grow even more. She goes out exploring in the woods one day and meets the Tucks. Nothing exciting ever happens, and being in a family of strait-laced blue bloods has cramped her style. In the late 1800s, Winnie Fosters life is boring. Winnie longs for a life outside the control of her domineering mother. Tuck Everlasting is a 1975 fantasy novel exploring immortality and whether its worth it. But one day slips out and explores threw the woods when she meets Jesse Tuck and is captured by Miles Tuck who takes Winnie back to. She develops a deep love for Jesse Tuck, a one-hundred-four-year-old boy trapped in a seventeen-year-old’s body for all of eternity. The story of Winnie Foster (Alexis Bledel), a teenage girl on the cusp of maturity. Winnie foster is a girl who is like a prisoner in her own house. Biography Winnie is a wealthy girl who runs away from home and encounters the Tucks, a family of immortals. She has been welcomed by a loving and supportive cast, who are also very talented. Winnie Jackson-Foster is the protagonist of the 2002 film, Tuck Everlasting. and she is honored to have been invited to play this part. Nevaeha Wilson is ecstatic to have the opportunity to be playing Winnie Foster in TUCK EVERLASTING! This is Nevaeha’s first leading role at Plaza Theatre CO. (Winnie Foster - Thursday & Saturday evening) Other than that, there really isn't anything wrong with this setup until a couple of enemies are on the screen. Your missiles will lock on to nearby targets automatically, which is wonderful when they lock on to something that isn't the enemy flying right in front of you. You have a gun, you have missiles, and you have a special weapon, with the later only allowing for two discharges per level. Manipulating your aircraft is fairly straight forward. (Then again, one could just play Star Fox instead.) These are such welcome changes to the other levels that Aero Fighters could potentially be fun were they the entire game. There are two exceptions this this rule: one level has you dog fighting with four other planes and another has you flying Star Fox style through an icy cave. Not only is that really boring, there is no skill involved, which is problematic considering that the player's only motivation to continue Aero Fighters is to get a better score. Step Five: Turn around before you get too close. Step Four: Fire at your from a safe distance. Step Three: Hit the brakes and fly slowly. These encounters are generally handled like this: Most of these bosses are things like a slow moving tank that rains death upon you if you get too close, or a slow moving octoped that rains death upon you if you get too close, or a slow moving plane that rains death upon you if you get too close, or a stationary base that (weather permitting) will rain death upon you if you dare to fly near it. With the exception of the last level, every stage is a boss rush. The face-to-palm poor story could perhaps be over looked if the game itself was fun, but alas there is no such saving grace. So anyway, this Phutta Morgana, which may or may not be a race of aliens, has you flying over indistinct textures in Japan, the Arizona desert, South America, and Antarctica in order to thwart their. At first I assumed this villain was a fictitious country, since they were using submarines and airplanes to attack (we'll just ignore the giant robotic spider for now), but by the end of the game my mission objectives were turning into a garbled mess that seemed to involve aliens and the destruction of humanity. ![]() So it's the future (I assume) and an organization called the Phutta Morgana is trying to take over the world, probably to enforce Engrlish as the lingua franca. The quirky characters are gone and replaced with borderline offensive caricatures, the swanky porno-esque music has been replaced by what appears to be MIDI files sequences in an early beta of Cakewalk using Windows 3.1, the framerate shuffles between not good and the equivalent of a flip book with the pages being turned by an elderly man with Parkinson's disease, and the core game is just flat-out not fun to play. We're just trading a hang glider for an F14 how different can these games possibly be? It's still a flight sim, and Paradigm has proven that they have the skill for such a thing, so what could possibly go wrong? Given that its developer is Paradigm, the company responsible for Pilotwings 64, it would be reasonable to expect Aero Fighters: Assault to do things like be competent and not suck. We're just trading a hang glider for an F14 how different can these games possibly be? It's still a flight sim, and Paradigm has proven that they have the skill for such a thing, so what could possibly go wrong?" "Given that its developer is Paradigm, the company responsible for Pilotwings 64, it would be reasonable to expect Aero Fighters: Assault to do things like be competent and not suck. AeroFighters Assault (Nintendo 64) review ![]() Now that we’ve considered the Latin origins, mnemonic devices, and punctuation of the abbreviations, we’ll reinforce the understanding of i.e. If you don’t already adhere to a particular stylebook or in-house guideline, you can choose the format that suits you best and remain consistent with it. ![]() Please bring something to the potluck dinner ( for example, salad, appetizer, dessert). Macy said she’d join us at the tavern at 6:30 p.m. The phrases would be followed by a comma. not be used at all rather, they will advise the full spelling of the phrases in English ( that is to say, in other words for example). To remove all doubt of intended meaning and usage, some language stylists might even prefer that i.e. he trims and shapes your trees, shrubs, and seasonal flowers. Larry the Lawn Guy beautifies what you have on your landscape e.g. You’ll love how your face feels with the new Guide-n-Glide razor i.e., it will feel handsome, fresh, and clean. If the text following the abbreviation is a full sentence, the abbreviation would be preceded by a semicolon and the following text would not be enclosed by parentheses. Larry the Lawn Guy beautifies what you have on your landscape ( e.g. You’ll love how your face feels with the new Guide-n-Glide razor ( i.e. This might be seen more often in less-formal contexts such as marketing content. In recent years, some editors have allowed the comma to be omitted. Please bring something to the potluck dinner ( e.g., salad, appetizer, dessert). In formal writing in the U.S., a leading tendency is to follow the abbreviations with a comma and enclose the text in parentheses. If the Latin devices don’t suit you, another technique can be to think of i.e. For remembering the proper use of e.g., you might recall the exemplī meaning “example” in “for example.” stands for exemplī grātiā is one way to recall the difference between the abbreviations.Īnother memory device can be to note that the est in id est means “is” (part of “that is”). Mnemonic DevicesĪs we’ve touched on, remembering that i.e. Incorrect: Please bring something to the potluck dinner ( e.g., salad, appetizer, dessert, etc.). reference.Ĭorrect: Please bring something to the potluck dinner ( e.g., salad, appetizer, dessert). Note that because we are identifying partial information by way of example, we would not include etc. The correct reference therefore would be e.g. In our potluck example above, we can safely assume that the dinner selections might include more than just salads, appetizers, and desserts ( i.e., the foods cited represent a larger group as opposed to the full list). ![]() It helps to illustrate a preceding thought but does not restate, list, or summarize it. gives one or a few examples from a larger grouping. It identifies, amplifies, clarifies, or specifies to remove all doubt about what the previous statement is saying. restates or fully lists what precedes it. Id est (i.e.): “that is to say in other words by which I mean” are both abbreviations of Latin expressions. The context of that statement doesn’t interfere with our ability to receive the central idea from it. Please bring something to the potluck dinner (i.e., salad, appetizer, dessert). Some of us may have understood them, and some of us may have not been sure.įor example, perhaps we’ve come across a statement such as: We’ve probably all either seen or written the abbreviations i.e. Received yesterday bundle of 2 nest wifi pro (Portugal bundle, it seems some countries have bundle of 3). ![]() I have chosen "Email notifications" and "Clear saved WiFi networks" option many times to no avail.Ĭould you elaborate on your "Tap the WiFI icon" method - maybe I'm missing something.Īlso, if you have any other ideas I'm willing (desperate) to try them. If I click on "My Gmail Icon/Photo" I get: If I click on "Settings Icon (Cog)" I get: My problem is that when I open Google Home App I don't seem to see "The WiFi Icon" * Toggle Nest WiFi cloud services OFF and wait for 30 seconds, then back ON. I read with interest your method of resetting the cloud connection to see if that clears things up. I've tried everything under the sun - rebooting everything a thousand times to no avail. When trying to setup I keep getting "Connection problem during setup, NestHub9888 could not connect to NMKC_2 - please check your password", but the password is definitely correct.ĭuring setup on Home Hub "Connecting to NMKC_2" but eventually (10 secs) get "Can't connect to WiFi" On Google Home App I don't have the Nest Hub defined (deleted it trying to re-install it). I've suddenly lost the ability to connect my Google Home Hub (v1?) since early January 2022 (about 3 weeks now). If you run through these steps and it stays the same, let me know and we'll keep looking into things. All lights should be lit up before moving to the next step.Īfter the modem is back online, connect the Ethernet cable back to Nest WiFi router's WAN port (globe symbol port).Ĭonnect the power back to the Nest WiFi router and to the Nest WiFi points. Allow all devices to stay disconnected from the power for 5 minutes.Ĭonnect the power back to the modem only and wait for it to fully back up. To do this, I would recommend doing a power cycle on your network.ĭisconnect the power adapter and the Ethernet cable from the Nest WiFi router.ĭisconnect the power adapter from the Nest WiFi points.ĭisconnect the power adapter from the modem. Once done, close the Home app and perform a full network restart to ensure that the new settings are in place. Toggle Nest WiFi cloud services OFF and wait for 30 seconds, then back ON. ![]() I don't want to overstate this, since not all devices support these standards in the first place, but for devices that do, it's pretty nice to have the devices switch from 2.4GHz to 5GHz when they get close enough, and from one 5GHz access point to another 5GHz access point as they move around the home.Let's try resetting your cloud connection to see if that clears things up. So, devices that support those specifications will be more likely to get "stuck" to an access point or band that is still working, even when a better one is available. Not only will you lose the features described on that support page, but you will also lose the 802.11k and 802.11v handoff support. Olav's suggestion of creating multiple parallel bridge mode Google WiFi units can work, but there are some really important caveats to understand with that approach as well. Using it as a single bridge mode device may work, but you're losing a lot of the features. It allows Google WiFi to be a router+firewall as well as create the multi-unit wireless mesh that supports multiple remote Google WiFi units to expand coverage. Generally speaking, putting your ISP router+modem in bridge mode will be a better fit for the way Google WiFi is intended to be used. Here's a help article with more details on bridge mode: ![]() Our site is generally split into different categories: porn games, 2D comics, 3D comics, artwork/siterips and hentai manga. The games that we have are all free, by the way. The latter is incredibly popular because it's incredibly hot, why wouldn't you want to play a sex-related game that features some hot drawn chick doing basically everything you wanted. It's for all the Japanese porn/anime fans out there, we know there are plenty of you, folks. Here we offer diversity, we have hentai XXX content, that's pretty hot. You get just right amount of perverted, nothing too outlandish. Believe us, just like everything else on this site, our selection of hardcore comics pornography is done right. Some obsess over dominating women, some even get really freaky with forced sex/sex slavery scenarios, but it's marginally hotter if it's done right. You just have to come up with a hot scenario, and talented people are actually great at that. There are no limitations to what an artist can do – you don't have to deal with primadonna porn stars, clueless amateurs and the like. If we are being honest here, mainstream porn is out of fresh ideas, that's why you'd turn to comics. Sometimes it feels like you are watching the same scene over and over again and that's a recipe for boredom and apathy, nobody likes watching something over and over, no matter how good it originally was. We know that the current product is overly sanitized, it's scripted and just flat-out boring. Sometimes regular porn just doesn't cut it, and we know why. And why would you enjoy it? The answer is obvious. Unlike so many other porn comics websites, there are no hidden fees, no blows and whistles, no nothing – it's completely free for you to enjoy. We strongly believe in free content, so everything you see on here is free to download and enjoy. You'll love it! Oh, and don't forget to press Ctrl+D for a special offer.This is a website that lets you enjoy all kinds of adult comics. We want to hear your suggestions about our website, we want to hear why we need to upload more of this or that, we want to hear how our website affected you in a variety of positive ways, we want you to get mushy with us. The most important of all – have fun and don't be afraid to leave your feedback, we can't get enough of it. Mediocrity is not our thing, so search somewhere else. We want you to be able to download the best stuff only, we don't have anything else to offer. ![]() The same goes for everything else, if some 3D comic looks like it was drawn by someone half-blind and half-dense with no grasp of the English language, we won't upload it. We want our adult content to be the best it can possibly be. Say, if a game is not good, if it's boring or just doesn't play well, we won't upload it. That's what we have for you for now.ĭon't worry – we pump out XXX updates every single day, there's this strict quality control too. This is a website that lets you enjoy all kinds of adult comics. The session token is stored in $HOME/.xcodeinstall or on AWS Secrets Manager. They are used to interact with Apple’s Developer Portal API and collect a session token. ![]() The Apple Developer Portal username and password ARE NOT STORED on the local volume. When MFA is configured (which we highly recommend), a human interaction is required to enter the MFA code sent to your device. (Instructions to configure this are below). In unattended mode, it fetches your Apple Developer username and password from AWS Secrets Manager. In interactive mode, it prompts you for your Apple Developer account username, password and MFA code. Xcodeinstall is a command line utility to download and install Xcode from the terminal only. This project is licensed under the Apache 2.0 License. Java is a registered trademark of Oracle and/or its affiliates.This is a command line utility to download and install Xcode in headless mode (from a Terminal only). For details, see the Google Developers Site Policies. To update to a newer release of Bazel, download and install the desired version.Įxcept as otherwise noted, the content of this page is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License, and code samples are licensed under the Apache 2.0 License. You can also add this command to your ~/.bashrc, ~/.zshrc, or ~/.profile It's a good idea to add this directory to your default paths, as follows: export PATH=" PATH: HOME/bin" If you ran the Bazel installer with the -user flag as above, the BazelĮxecutable is installed in your HOME/bin directory. The installer from the terminal using curl as a workaround see Step 2 above. ![]() Opened because the developer cannot be verified, you need to re-download If you are on macOS Catalina or newer (macOS >= 11) and get an error that “bazel-real” cannot be The -user flag installs Bazel to the $HOME/bin directory on your system and bazel- $BAZEL_VERSION-installer-darwin-x86_64.sh -user Run the Bazel installer as follows: chmod +x "bazel- $BAZEL_VERSION-installer-darwin-x86_64.sh" This is a temporary workaround until the macOS release flow supports The version variable with the Bazel version you want to download: export BAZEL_VERSION=5.2.0 curl -fLO " $BAZEL_VERSION/bazel- $BAZEL_VERSION-installer-darwin-x86_64.sh" ![]() You need to download the installer from the terminal using curl, replacing On macOS Catalina or newer (macOS >= 11), due to Apple's new app signing requirements, Next, download the Bazel binary installer namedīazel-installer-darwin-x86_64.sh from the Once Xcode is installed, accept the license agreement for all users with theįollowing command: sudo xcodebuild -license accept Step 2: Download the Bazel installer Otherwise, for ios_* rule support, you must have Xcode 6.1 or later with iOS ![]() If you don't intend to use ios_* rules, it is sufficient to install the XcodeĬommand line tools package by using xcode-select: xcode-select -install Must also be installed for Bazel to work. Once installed, you can upgrade to a newer version of Bazel using theįollowing command: brew upgrade bazel Installing using the binary installer Install the Bazel package via Homebrew as follows: brew install bazelĪll set! You can confirm Bazel is installed successfully by running the Install Homebrew (a one-time step): /bin/bash -c "$(curl -fsSL )" Step 2: Install Bazel via Homebrew Installing using Homebrew Step 1: Install Homebrew on macOS You can install Bazel on macOS using one of the following methods:īazel comes with two completion scripts. This page describes how to install Bazel on macOS and set up your environment. ![]() PhpStorm can do this automatically for you: simply right-click the folder you want Rector to fix and then select Run | Rector:Īs you can see, PhpStorm will give you a list of files that Rector will change. Next, you should create a new run configuration specifically for Rector. In order to use PhpStorm’s Rector support, you first need to install Rector and configure it. It’s an amazing tool, and we’re happy to provide built-in support in PhpStorm for it. Rector helps you with automatic PHP upgrades and code refactorings in bulk. With that said, let’s take a look at what’s new in the first EAP release of PhpStorm 2022.2! Rector support Download builds from the EAP page or receive them automatically in the IDE by selecting Check IDE updates for Early Access Program under Settings / Preferences | Appearance & Behavior | System Settings | Updates.The Toolbox App is the easiest way to get the EAP builds and keep both your stable and EAP versions up to date.You can install the EAP version side by side with your stable version of PhpStorm – there is no need to uninstall it.EAP builds are free to use and don’t require a license. ![]() We publish new EAP builds every week and showcase upcoming features.If you’re not familiar with our EAP, here’s a quick recap: In this first EAP build, you’ll get a chance to preview many new features related to generics, Rector support, and a bunch of quality-of-life improvements. Our Early Access Program (EAP) for PhpStorm 2022.2 starts today! They were developed for use at high temperatures where relatively severe mechanical stressing is encountered and where high surface stability is required. Restricted-field components, which raise the transition temperature, include antimony, arsenic, chromium, germanium, iridium, molybdenum, osmium, platinum, rhenium, rhodium, ruthenium, silicon, tantalum and tungsten ( Donaldson, 1986).Ĭobalt superalloys, a term generally applied to immensely strong, hard, wear-and corrosion-resistant alloys, were first introduced in the 1930s. Enlarged-field components, which lower the transition temperature, include aluminium, boron, carbon, copper, iron, manganese, niobium, nickel, tin, titanium and zirconium. Cobalt is also available as briquets, granules (99.5% cobalt), rondelles, powder (99.995% cobalt or 99.8% cobalt, 99.9% cobalt, 0.25–2 mm) ( Sax & Lewis, 1987 American Chemical Society, 1988 Aldrich Chemical Co., 1990).Ĭobalt alloys can be categorized into six broad types: superalloys (high-temperature alloys), magnetic alloys, hard-metal alloys, high-strength steels, electrodeposited alloys and alloys with special properties ( Donaldson, 1986).Įlements used in cobalt alloys are classified in terms of their effect on the transition from the cubic to the hexagonal form. Electrolytic coarse powder has a mean particle size of 4–10 μm ( Cobalt Development Institute, 1989). The ‘fine’, ‘extrafine’ and ‘superfine’ cobalt powders manufactured from the cathodes have a submicrometre mean particle size and contain both allotropic crystal forms in varying proportions for different applications. The cathodes measure 10–25 mm and weigh 20–50 g, with a purity greater than 99.5%. ![]() The Co 2+ ⇆ Co 3+ interconversion is important in many applications of cobalt compounds, including their use as catalysts and as paint driers and in the reactions of vitamin B 12 ( National Research Council, 1977 Donaldson, 1986 Donaldson et al., 1986a, b).Ĭobalt metal is available for industrial use as ‘broken’ or ‘cut’ cathodes or electrolytic coarse powder. In contrast, in an alkaline solution containing ammonium hydroxide or cyanide, Co 2+ is readily oxidized by air or hydrogen peroxide to the more stable Co 3+ complex. In acid solution, in the absence of such complexing ligands, Co 2+ is the stable form and Co 3+ is so unstable that it is reduced rapidly and spontaneously to Co 2+, oxidizing water to molecular oxygen. These electron-donor ligands strongly stabilize Co 3+ in solution, usually forming octahedral complexes, many of which can be isolated as stable salts. A few simple salts of cobalt in its + 3 oxidation state have been used commercially (e.g., Co 2O 3), and many Co(III) complexes with ligands such as NH 3, CN −, NO 2−, ethylene-diaminetetraacetic acid, phthalocyanines and azo dyes have been studied extensively. ![]() With the exception of the mixed oxide (Co 3O 4), the major commercial cobalt chemicals are all compounds of cobalt in its stable + 2 oxidation state. Single crystals show marked magnetic anisotropy up to about 250☌ ( Donaldson, 1986). The cubic form is magnetically anisotropic up to about 1000☌ and becomes paramagnetic at 1121 ☌. It forms a mixed oxide-sulfide scale in air containing sulfur dioxide ( Donaldson et al., 1986a).Ĭobalt also has magnetic properties. Cobalt forms a protective layer of sulfide scale when reacted with sulfur at temperatures below 877☌ or in an atmosphere of hydrogen sulfide. Cobalt metal does not combine directly with hydrogen or nitrogen but combines with sulfur, phosphorus and carbon when heated. Cobalt is stable to atmospheric oxygen, but when it is heated it is oxidized to the mixed oxide, Co(II,III) oxide (CO 3O 4) at temperatures above 900 ☌, Co(II) oxide (CoO) is the end-product. The main oxidation states of cobalt are Co(2 +) and Co(3 +). ![]() The free energy change is low, however, so that transformation from the face-centred cubic back to the hexagonal close-packed form is slow and may be inhibited by physical form (e.g., grain size or presence of other metals) ( Donaldson, 1986). The hexagonal close-packed form is more stable at temperatures below 417☌, and the face-centred cubic form at higher temperatures (from 417☌ to the melting-point Considine, 1974). Bergman established cobalt as an element ( Donaldson, 1986).Ĭobalt exists in two allotropic forms. Cobalt metal was isolated by the Swedish scientist G. |
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